Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? Not If You’re Using the Asylum Clock (+ Some Other EAD Updates)

If you’re reading this blog, and presumably you are, you probably already know about the “Asylum Clock.” The basic story is this: When a person files for asylum (with the Asylum Office or the Immigration Court), the Clock starts to count time. Once the Clock reaches 180 days, the asylum applicant is eligible for an employment authorization document (“EAD”). The Clock “stops” if the asylum applicant causes a delay in her case. The problem is that the rules governing the Asylum Clock are vague, and ever changing. Today, I want to discuss a new change with the Clock, debunk a rumor that has been floating around, and briefly discuss the new EAD application form.

The official Asylum Clock, kept in a secure vault at DHS.

First, a few words about the Asylum Clock. The Clock originally went into effect in 1996. Before then, if a person filed for asylum, she could also apply for an EAD. The powers-that-be (i.e. Congress) felt that this system encouraged frivolous asylum applications–people knew that they could file for asylum, get a work permit, and remain in the U.S. for years while their cases were adjudicated, and so they had an incentive to file for asylum even if they had meritless cases.

To combat this problem (if indeed, it was a problem), Congress created a 180-day waiting period before asylum seekers would become eligible for the EAD (under the regulations, you can file for the EAD after 150 days, but you are not actually eligible to receive the EAD until 180 days have elapsed). The “Asylum Clock” counts this time. In order to avoid the problem of asylum seekers deliberately delaying their cases to obtain an EAD and draw out the process, the law states that any delay by the applicant causes the Clock to stop. It sounds simple, but in practice, it’s often been a mess.

EOIR–the Executive Office for Immigration Review–has a handy memo that lists the reasons why the Clock might stop in Immigration Court or at the Asylum Office. According to the memo, the Clock will stop in Immigration Court if (1) the applicant asks for the case to be continued so he or she can get an attorney; (2) the applicant, or his or her attorney, asks for additional time to prepare the case; or (3) the applicant, or his or her attorney, declines an expedited asylum hearing date. At the Asylum Office, the Clock stops if (1) the applicant requests to transfer a case to a new asylum office or interview location, including when the transfer is based on a new address; (2) the applicant requests to reschedule an interview for a later date; (3) the applicant fails to appear at an interview or fingerprint appointment; (4) the applicant fails to provide a competent interpreter at an interview; (5) the applicant is requested to provide additional evidence after an interview (though I have never seen this used as a basis to stop the Clock); or (6) the applicant fails to appear to receive and acknowledge an asylum decision in person (if required). Other–unspecified–delays can also cause the Clock to stop in the Asylum Office or in Court.

Also, the Clock sometimes stops for random and unpredictable reasons: In court, different Immigration Judges interpret the rules differently and inconsistently, and so in some cases, one IJ would stop the Clock (or refuse to start it) in a situation where another IJ would do the opposite. Also, the Clock sometimes stops due to administrative error. Correcting these problems or re-starting the Clock is a real hassle, and some people who are eligible for EADs do not receive them.

Over the last few years, we have seen some improvements in the operation of the Asylum Clock, and it has become less common for the Clock to stop. One particular improvement at the Asylum Office was that moving the case to a new jurisdiction would not cause the Clock to stop–that way, if a person moved within 180 days of filing for asylum, she could still receive her EAD. But that policy has now been reversed, at least according to the notes I received from a recent meeting at the Arlington Asylum Office–

Please note that for the purpose of the 180-day Asylum employment authorization document (EAD) clock, a request to transfer a case to a new asylum office or interview location (including when the transfer is based on a new address) is considered a delay requested or caused by the applicant. This transfer will cause the EAD clock to stop. The 180-day Asylum EAD clock is resumed once the new asylum office transfers in the applicant’s case.

Given the new last-in, first-out policy, perhaps the change makes sense from the Asylum Office’s point of view, but asylum seekers will now need to be more cautious about moving. The bottom line is this: If you move and your case is transferred to a different Asylum Office, the Clock will stop. For how long it will stop is unclear. But since the Clock is notorious for stopping easily and only re-starting with difficultly, it seems important for affirmative asylum seekers to avoid moving after they file for asylum.

Once you reach 180 days on the Clock, moving has no effect, but to be extra-safe, I am now advising my clients not to move until they actually receive the EAD card. Of course, if you move, and your case remains at the same Asylum Office, there should be no effect. You can check whether moving will cause your case to be transferred to a new office by visiting the Asylum Office Locator and entering your old and new zip codes.

Another development to discuss is the recent Attorney General memo that rescinds a number of prior memos. There have been rumors that the purpose of this memo is to prevent asylum seekers from obtaining an EAD while their cases are pending. The memo itself does not end EADs for asylum seekers, but whether this memo is a precursor to such a move, I do not know. The government seems to have the authority to end EADs for asylum seekers (the statute says, “An applicant for asylum is not entitled to employment authorization, but such authorization may be provided under regulation by the Attorney General”). But given that the new EAD application form allows for work permits for people with pending asylum cases, it seems unlikely that the government will end EADs for such people, at least in the near term.

Finally, there is a new EAD application, form I-765. I will write more on this another time, but one major change is that asylum applicants must indicate whether they have been arrested for a crime. Many asylum seekers have been arrested for political reasons, as opposed to crimes, so what should they do? The I-765 instructions state that the applicant must list all arrests and convictions, which seems broader than the question actually listed on the form itself (which refers only to arrests for crimes). At this stage, I think it is safer to be over-inclusive. For our clients, if they have been arrested for any reason, even for a political reason, we will reveal that on the form and provide information about it. If there are no records of the arrest, which there often are not, we will include an affidavit from the client about what happened. Whether this will satisfy USCIS, I do not know. But until we learn more, this is the approach we will take.

So I suppose the good news is that asylum seekers are still eligible to obtain work authorization. They do need to be careful about moving before they receive the EAD card, though. When we know more about the new EAD form, or if there are changes to the process, I will try to post an update here.

EOIR’s Experimental “Pilot Program” Devastates Asylum Seekers

The New York Times recently reported on a new policy at the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (“EOIR”) designed to prioritize the removal of criminal aliens.  Under the policy, DHS will review cases and terminate proceedings for aliens deemed a low priority for removal.  At the same time, EOIR (the Immigration Courts) will re-arrange its dockets to expedite priority cases.  From December 4, 2011 to January 13, 2012, EOIR will be implementing the Prosecutorial Discretion Pilot Project in Baltimore and Denver.  The results for aliens seeking asylum are already pretty devastating, and if the program goes national in its present form, we can expect serious problems for many asylum seekers.

Some experiments have unintended consequences.

My first experience with the program came last week when we received notice that my client’s Individual Hearing was re-scheduled from this December to May 2014 (yes, that is 2014, almost 2.5 years from now).  The man is an Eritrean national who fled persecution in his homeland.  He has a decent case and he had been hoping for a resolution later this month.  Now he must wait until 2014.  He has no work permit and the Asylum Clock is stopped in his case.

According to EOIR, the goal of the Pilot Program is “to ensure that [limited] resources are focused on the Administration’s highest immigration enforcement priorities.”  Unfortunately, in this case, the Administration’s “enforcement priorities” (i.e., removal of aliens) comes at the expense of our country’s humanitarian obligations.

Part of the problem, I think, is the government’s attitude, articulated by the Supreme Court in INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992), that “every delay works to the advantage of the deportable alien who wishes merely to remain in the United States.”  I have always felt that this statement reflects an insensitivity and ignorance about many aliens who are in the U.S.  While some aliens do merely hope to delay their removal, asylum seekers wish to see their cases resolved as quickly as possible.  There are a number of reasons for this: Asylum seekers are hoping to petition for their family members, some of whom face threats in the home country; asylum seekers fear return to their country, and waiting for years to learn their fate is extremely stressful; many asylum seekers are young and hope to study in university, which is difficult without lawful status; many asylum seekers are well educated and hope to find professional jobs, which is also difficult without status.

For all these reasons, delaying asylum hearings for 2+ years is devastating to many asylum seekers.

The Pilot Program is going forward, and I imagine that the same or similar policies will be adopted throughout the U.S.  Given this new reality, here are a couple suggestions about how EOIR can mitigate the difficulty to asylum seekers and other aliens who are hoping for a resolution of their cases:

– When an asylum case is postponed, the Asylum Clock should start automatically, so that the asylum seeker can obtain her work permit.

– EOIR should reserve some time slots in the (relatively) near future for asylum seekers and others whose cases have been postponed.  Aliens that wish to have a sooner resolution of their cases can file motions to expedite.  Thus, for example, if EOIR reserved some time slots in 2012, my 2014 client could file a motion requesting one of those dates.

Finally, while it might be futile to argue that we should not be prioritizing removals over protecting people fleeing persecution, I want to give it a try.  Statistically, most removals involve people with no criminal histories.  Even many “criminal aliens” are convicted of very minor violations (driving without a license, using a false ID, and drunk in public are three common violations).  The benefit to the U.S. of removing these people quickly–and often separating them from their family members–is pretty minimal.  On the other hand, as discussed above, the harm of leaving legitimate asylum seekers in limbo for long periods is severe.  If these competing interests are balanced, it seems unjust that asylum seekers should never receive priority over the removal of “criminal aliens.”  EOIR should re-think its policy to account for the needs of legitimate asylum seekers.

New Rules for the Asylum Clock

Nobody makes simple things complex better than the government.  The new 16-page, single-spaced memorandum on the Asylum Clock is a perfect example.  As far as I can tell, there are no major changes to how the Clock works, but there is some new “guidance.” 

I should say at the outset that I think the Asylum Clock is one of the stupidest ideas to be put into law since Prohibition (I’m a big drinker), so my comments here should be taken with a grain of salt (also, I’m drunk).  With that in mind, here are some observations on the new memo:

"The Persistence of Memorandum" by Salvador Dali.

The memo clarifies that cases referred to the IJ from the Asylum Office with less than 75 days on the clock are “expedited cases,” meaning that the IJ “should” complete them within 180 days from the date that the application was filed.  To comply with this rule, IJs sometimes bump non-expedited cases, thus causing major delays for other respondents.  This seems like a lot of trouble just to prevent an asylum applicant from getting her EAD.  Given the massive delays in all Immigration Courts, why not simply make all cases non-expedited?

The memo does not change the requirement that to start the clock in a defensive case, the I-589 must be filed with the Immigration Judge in open court.  This means that if the hearing is scheduled for next year, the Clock will not start until the application is filed in court next year.  The easy solution here would be to allow applicants to file their I-589 forms with the clerk (this would have the added advantage of avoiding problems with the ever-annoying one-year asylum bar).  Clerks are competent to determine whether an application is substantially complete and, if so, they could start the Clock.

One bit of clarification that seems helpful is that the Clock will restart at the next hearing after a delay caused by the applicant.  Where I practice, different IJs have different policies on the Clock, and this will hopefully resolve the issue of restarting the Clock after the applicant causes a delay.

For a more detailed discussion of the new memo, see the American Immigration Counsel’s statement released on Monday, which offers some helpful criticism.

The bottom line for me is that the Asylum Clock should be completely re-done.  The Clock should run from the date that the application is filed.  It should only be stopped if the IJ (or the Asylum Officer) determines that the applicant is purposely causing a delay in order to abuse the system and obtain an EAD.  I understand the need for the Clock: To prevent aliens from filing for asylum solely to obtain an EAD, and so I do not support returning to the old days when asylum applicants got an EAD immediately after filing (and many people abused the system).  However, the pendulum has swung way too far, and we waste way too much time and energy on this issue.  There are far fewer frivolous cases today, and the Asylum Clock mainly serves to make life more difficult for legitimate asylum seekers.  By shifting the presumption in favor of asylum seekers, we can restore some of the balance and help–rather than harm–people fleeing persecution.

Possible Lawsuit to Help Victims of the Asylum Clock

The Asylum Clock has been the bane of asylum seekers and their lawyers since it was created in 1994 (and codified into law in 1996).  It requires an asylum applicant to wait 150 days before applying for an employment authorization documents (“EAD”), but the clock “stops” if the applicant causes a delay in her case.  The idea was to dissuade people from filing frivolous asylum applications in order to get EADs.  The problem, however, is that legitimate applicants are often prevented from obtaining EADs for seemingly random and inexplicable reasons. 

In this artist's rendition of the destruction of the Asylum Clock, AIC and NWIRP are represented by Donald Duck.

One reason for this problem is that the regulations implementing the Clock are vague, and are interpreted differently by different Immigration Judges.  So for example, most of my cases are in the Immigration Courts in Baltimore, Maryland or Arlington, Virginia.  Clients with the same case will receive an EAD in one court, but not the other.  All because the regulations are interpreted differently in different places.  For a good analysis of the Asylum Clock, check out this report: Up Against the Clock: Fixing the Broken Employment Authorization Asylum Clock prepared by the American Immigration Counsel and Penn State’s Dickinson School of Law.

Now, the American Immigration Counsel (“AIC”) and the Northwest Immigrant Rights Project “(NWIRP”) are exploring potential litigation on behalf of individuals who have been unable to obtain employment authorization due to Asylum Clock problems.  The organizations are looking for potential plaintiffs in the following three categories:

(1) Applicants whose clocks have not started and will not start until the next scheduled master calendar hearing because their applications are not yet considered filed in immigration court;

(2)  Applicants whose clocks have not started or restarted even after alleged applicant-caused delays have been resolved; and

(3) Applicants whose clocks have not started or restarted after their cases were remanded following appeal.

If you have a client in one of these categories who might be willing to participate in litigation, please contact Agnes Gyorfi at AIC at (202) 507-7523 or agyorfi.immcouncil@gmail.com by Friday, September 16, 2011.

Here’s hoping that AIC and NWIRP are able to pursue this litigation and knock some sense into the Asylum Clock.